這是自己第一次完成的研究，主要是碩士班時後老師建議我的題目。
後來花了比較長的時間才完成它！不過看到這一偏文章被接受發表，
心情卻比上一次台灣深山的文章高興很多～～
一整個就是碩士班的回憶。
Lineage-specific late Pleistocene expansion of an endemic subtropical gossamer-wing damselfly, Euphaea formosa, in Taiwan
主要的重點是我們發現了台灣有兩個主要的粒線體系群分散在各個
不一樣的短腹幽蟌族群內，其中一個只分散在北部（西北部）。令
一個則是全島各族群中都可以發現（廣布）。當我們檢視它們過去
的族群量變化，發現廣布的系群在很近代的一次大冰河時期有數量
上的擴增。北部的系群則是一百萬年來都很穩定。
最大的差異大概是河流水流量的差異，南部的河流冬天會因為太乾
而缺水，所以沒有辦法一值維持族群量，這一帶的族群就很容易只
有很小的遺傳多樣性（重複的瓶頸加上再拓殖效應）。
南北兩大系群應該和幾十萬年前古台灣閩江水系的流向有關，而現
今東部的族群應該都是由南方廣布系群後代拓殖過去的。
圖一呈現古閩江流域，短腹幽蟌與其近緣種的物種親緣關係樹，
分枝點上面標示的是用朔原理論模擬下族群分化前後還有當今
族群最可能的族群量大小。大圖示標示出在台灣採集的樣點，
還有每個樣點裡面不同系群所佔有的比例。
Background
Pleistocene glacial oscillations have significantly affected the historical population dynamics of temperate taxa. However, the general effects of recent climatic changes on the evolutionary history and genetic structure of extant subtropical species remain poorly understood. In the present study, phylogeographic and historical demographic analyses based on mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences were used. The aim was to investigate whether Pleistocene climatic cycles, paleo-drainages or mountain vicariance of Taiwan shaped the evolutionary diversification of a subtropical gossamer-wing damselfly, Euphaea formosa.
Results
E. formosa populations originated in the middle Pleistocene period (0.3 Mya) and consisted of two evolutionarily independent lineages. It is likely that they derived from the Pleistocene paleo-drainages of northern and southern Minjiang, or alternatively by divergence within Taiwan. The ancestral North-central lineage colonized northwestern Taiwan first and maintained a slowly growing population throughout much of the early to middle Pleistocene period. The ancestral widespread lineage reached central-southern Taiwan and experienced a spatial and demographic expansion into eastern Taiwan. This expansion began approximately 30,000 years ago in the Holocene interglacial period. The ancestral southern expansion into eastern Taiwan indicates that the central mountain range (CMR) formed a barrier to east-west expansion. However, E. formosa populations in the three major biogeographic regions (East, South, and North-Central) exhibit no significant genetic partitions, suggesting that river drainages and mountains did not form strong geographical barriers against gene flow among extant populations.
Conclusions
The present study implies that the antiquity of E. formosa's colonization is associated with its high dispersal ability and larval tolerance to the late Pleistocene dry grasslands. The effect of late Pleistocene climatic changes on the subtropical damselfly's historical demography is lineage-specific, depending predominantly on its colonization history and geography. It is proposed that the Riss and Wurm glaciations in the late Pleistocene period had a greater impact on the evolutionary diversification of subtropical insular species than the last glacial maximum (LGM).
短腹幽蟌～～
後來花了比較長的時間才完成它！不過看到這一偏文章被接受發表，
心情卻比上一次台灣深山的文章高興很多～～
一整個就是碩士班的回憶。
Lineage-specific late Pleistocene expansion of an endemic subtropical gossamer-wing damselfly, Euphaea formosa, in Taiwan
主要的重點是我們發現了台灣有兩個主要的粒線體系群分散在各個
不一樣的短腹幽蟌族群內，其中一個只分散在北部（西北部）。令
一個則是全島各族群中都可以發現（廣布）。當我們檢視它們過去
的族群量變化，發現廣布的系群在很近代的一次大冰河時期有數量
上的擴增。北部的系群則是一百萬年來都很穩定。
最大的差異大概是河流水流量的差異，南部的河流冬天會因為太乾
而缺水，所以沒有辦法一值維持族群量，這一帶的族群就很容易只
有很小的遺傳多樣性（重複的瓶頸加上再拓殖效應）。
南北兩大系群應該和幾十萬年前古台灣閩江水系的流向有關，而現
今東部的族群應該都是由南方廣布系群後代拓殖過去的。
圖一呈現古閩江流域，短腹幽蟌與其近緣種的物種親緣關係樹，
分枝點上面標示的是用朔原理論模擬下族群分化前後還有當今
族群最可能的族群量大小。大圖示標示出在台灣採集的樣點，
還有每個樣點裡面不同系群所佔有的比例。
Background
Pleistocene glacial oscillations have significantly affected the historical population dynamics of temperate taxa. However, the general effects of recent climatic changes on the evolutionary history and genetic structure of extant subtropical species remain poorly understood. In the present study, phylogeographic and historical demographic analyses based on mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences were used. The aim was to investigate whether Pleistocene climatic cycles, paleo-drainages or mountain vicariance of Taiwan shaped the evolutionary diversification of a subtropical gossamer-wing damselfly, Euphaea formosa.
Results
E. formosa populations originated in the middle Pleistocene period (0.3 Mya) and consisted of two evolutionarily independent lineages. It is likely that they derived from the Pleistocene paleo-drainages of northern and southern Minjiang, or alternatively by divergence within Taiwan. The ancestral North-central lineage colonized northwestern Taiwan first and maintained a slowly growing population throughout much of the early to middle Pleistocene period. The ancestral widespread lineage reached central-southern Taiwan and experienced a spatial and demographic expansion into eastern Taiwan. This expansion began approximately 30,000 years ago in the Holocene interglacial period. The ancestral southern expansion into eastern Taiwan indicates that the central mountain range (CMR) formed a barrier to east-west expansion. However, E. formosa populations in the three major biogeographic regions (East, South, and North-Central) exhibit no significant genetic partitions, suggesting that river drainages and mountains did not form strong geographical barriers against gene flow among extant populations.
Conclusions
The present study implies that the antiquity of E. formosa's colonization is associated with its high dispersal ability and larval tolerance to the late Pleistocene dry grasslands. The effect of late Pleistocene climatic changes on the subtropical damselfly's historical demography is lineage-specific, depending predominantly on its colonization history and geography. It is proposed that the Riss and Wurm glaciations in the late Pleistocene period had a greater impact on the evolutionary diversification of subtropical insular species than the last glacial maximum (LGM).
短腹幽蟌～～
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